Vietnam War Stasi was an abbreviation for the Ministry of State Security, a secret police agency in socialist East Germany. The technology developed for the HOE system was later used by the SDI and expanded into the Exoatmospheric Reentry-vehicle Interception System (ERIS) program. viewed favoring deployment of ABM systems as an escalation rather than cessation of the nuclear arms race, and therefore a violation of this clause. The Viet Minh was a Vietnamese nationalist-communist group, led by Ho Chi Minh. Many such rods would be placed around a warhead, each one aimed at a different ICBM, thus destroying many ICBMs in a single attack. The criticism was that SDI could have potentially allowed an attacker to survive the lighter counter-strike, thus encouraging a first strike by the side having SDI. Many[who?] The Politburo is the executive council or cabinet of ministers in the Soviet Union and other socialist nations. self-determination [17] Through declassified papers of American intelligence agencies the wider implications and effects of the program were examined and revealed that due to the potential neutralization of its arsenal and resulting loss of a balancing power factor, SDI was a cause of grave concern for the Soviet Union and her primary successor state Russia. Sputnik (Russian for traveller) was the name of the first two man-made satellites to orbit Earth. We had no idea where the idea had come from, none of us, said Kenneth Adelman. Truman Doctrine [80], The Delta 183 program used a satellite known as Delta Star to test several sensor related technologies. The Mutual Defence Assistance Act is an act of the US Congress, passed in October 1949. The Footnote 1 Cold War (1945-1991) Footnote 2 was a nontraditional conflict between two conflicting ideologiescommunism and democracy. Teller's X-ray laser, run under Project Excalibur, failed several key tests in 1986 and was soon being suggested solely for the anti-satellite role. Mutual Defense Assistance Act These particles are disbursed by weather and eventually fall to earth. It was able to fly at high altitude, avoiding enemy radar detection and surface-to-air missile systems. In which John Green teaches you about the Cold War, the decades-long conflict between the USA and the USSR. Specifically, they noted that all of the systems had to improve their energy output by at least 100 times, and in some cases as much as a million. Only the space stationed nuclear pumped X-ray laser concept would have violated this treaty, since other SDI systems, did not require the pre-positioning of nuclear explosives in space. In other cases, like Excalibur, they dismissed the concept entirely. It was updated on February 1st, 2023. This system was never deployed, but the technology of the system was used in the Terminal High Altitude Area Defense (THAAD) system and the Ground-Based Interceptor currently deployed as part of the Ground-Based Midcourse Defense (GMD) system.[55]. Under the SDIO's Innovative Sciences and Technology Office,[9][10][11] headed by physicist and engineer Dr. James Ionson,[12][13][14][15] the investment was predominantly made in basic research at national laboratories, universities, and in industry; these programs have continued to be key sources of funding for top research scientists in the fields of high-energy physics, supercomputing/computation, advanced materials, and many other critical science and engineering disciplines and funding which indirectly supports other research work by top scientists. A wide array of advanced weapon concepts, including lasers,[3][4] particle beam weapons and ground- and space-based missile systems were studied, along with various sensor, command and control, and high-performance computer systems that would be needed to control a system consisting of hundreds of combat centers and satellites spanning the entire globe and involved in a very short battle. Two squadrons of the missile were purchased and deployed by the Canadian government in 1958. [22], The US Army had considered the issue of ballistic missile defense (BMD) as early as late in World War II. Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (or SALT I and SALT II) [75] Detailed studies were undertaken by several advisory boards, including the Defense Science Board and JASON, in 1989. It would blow us away, said Hill. This raised significant issues about economic and technical costs associated with defending against anti-ballistic missile defense countermeasures used by the attacking side. ", "L3Harris, SpaceX win Space Development Agency contracts to build missile-warning satellites", "Nuclear Weapons, China, and a Strategic Defense Initiative for this Century", "Today in Space and Missile Defense History", "The Space Review: Plagiarism in several space history articles (page 2)", "The secret laser-toting Soviet satellite that almost was Ars Technica", "Here Is the Soviet Union's Secret Space Cannon", Confessions of a Cold Warrior: An Autobiography, "Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic Defense Initiative Interagency Intelligence Assessment.1983. [45] The ground-based systems operational today trace their roots back to this concept. McCarran Act For example, the published stories about our Star Wars programme were replete with misinformation and forced the Russians to expose their sleeper agents inside the American government by ordering them to make a desperate attempt to find out what the US was doing. In order to track them when they were below the radar horizon, SDS also added a number of additional satellites flying at low altitude that would feed tracking information to both the space-based "garages" as well as the ground-based missiles. Their Project Defender studied all sorts of systems, before abandoning most of them to concentrate on Project BAMBI. post-colonialism [26][27], Through this period, the entire topic of BMD became increasingly controversial. Sputnik [79], Space Surveillance and Tracking System was a system originally designed for tracking ballistic missiles during their mid-course phase. Throughout most of the Cold War, American nuclear power was the primary deterrent which prevented a Soviet invasion of Western Europe. Perestroika is a Russian word meaning restructuring. quicklr acquired che nucleus of ics own missile program. Second Cold War Volume 1: Project Summary", "Accelerator-driven Nuclear Energy | Accelerator Driven Systems | Transmutation - World Nuclear Association", Statement of Lieutenant General Malcolm R. O'Neill, USA, Director, BMDO before the Committee on National Security, House of Representatives, April 4, 1995, Low-power Atmospheric Compensation Experiment (LACE). The name implied that the concept would be replaced by more advanced systems in future phases. Gorbachev was skeptical that a sharing program could be arranged, arguing, I do not take your idea of sharing SDI seriously. In 2001, President George W. Bush announced his administrations plan to withdraw from the ABM Treaty within six months. In most cases, local communist, socialist and left-wing groups were merged into larger parties. Socialist systems involve, among other things, government control of the economy and prohibitions of private ownership of capital. This US-financed relief package provided funds to European nations to assist their reconstruction after World War II. Nuclear fallout describes radioactive particles that remain in the atmosphere after a nuclear explosion. The INF treaty eliminated all nuclear and conventional missiles, as well as their launchers, with ranges of 310 to 620 miles, considered short-range, and 620 to 3,420 miles, or intermediate-range.. The Soviet bloc or Eastern bloc refers tocommunist nations in Europe during the Cold War. "This is a clear emotional and psychological. [35][36], In 1979, Teller contributed to a Hoover Institution publication where he claimed that the US would be facing an emboldened USSR due to their work on civil defense. Otherwise known as Star Wars, SDI sought to create a space-based shield that would render nuclear missiles obsolete. Despite its eyewatering price tag, the jet is still plagued by deficient software. Political scientist Kerry L. Hunter explained this phenomenon: The power of Reagans Star Wars visionlay in its utopian characteristics. Researcher Stephen Semler estimated that the Pentagon spent around $2 million in this operation to shoot down the hobbyists' balloon over Lake Huron. Russia is likely offering Iran help with its advanced missile program in exchange for military aid for its . Final hover testing occurred in 1992 using miniaturized components similar to what would have actually been used in an operational interceptor. Physicists Hans Bethe and Richard Garwin, who worked with Edward Teller on both the atomic bomb and hydrogen bomb at Los Alamos, claimed a laser defense shield was unfeasible. Morgenthau Plan By 1987, however, Gorbachev agreed that missile reductions and SDI could be negotiated separately. Without Reagan to support it, SDIs funding plummeted in the early 1990s. ", "Did Star Wars Help End the Cold War? The experiment validated stabilization, tracking, and pointing concepts and proved that a laser could be relayed from the ground to a 60cm mirror on an orbiting satellite and back to another ground station with a high degree of accuracy and for extended durations.[68]. Olympic boycott During his tour of the complex, Reaganimpressed with the extensive fortificationsasked General James Hill what would happen if a Soviet nuclear missile hit within the vicinity of the mountain. Development was cancelled in 1963. a. ended the Cold War (FALSE) b. brought the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. close to nuclear war (TRUE) c. destroyed missiles in Cuba pointed at the U.S. (TRUE) d. led to a UN invasion of Cuba (FALSE) Q 2. a. eliminated poverty (FALSE) b. created so many anti-poverty programs that the middle class resented them (TRUE) The missile is liquid-fueled, and categorized as a "super-heavy" ICBM one with enough lifting capacity to deliver multiple warheads arranged in a so-called multiple independently targeted. No theatrical effects were used. Paul Nitze, Cold War Arms Expert, Dies at 97, "Threat and Opportunity: The Soviet View of the Strategic Defense Initiative". Whereas the current United States national missile defense system is designed around a relatively limited and unsophisticated attack, SDI planned for a massive attack by a sophisticated opponent. Eighteen were in Arkansas, from which intercontinental ballistic missiles carrying nine-megaton nuclear warheads could be launched to strike targets as far as 5,500 miles away. The Red Scare was hysteria over the perceived threat posed by Communists in the U.S. during the Cold War between the Soviet Union and the United States, which intensified in the late 1940s. In the end, Polyus failed to reach orbit and quickly broke apart. They were sent to Syrian rebel targets located 1,000 miles from the warships located in the Caspian Sea. Solidarnosc (or Solidarity) While U.S.-Soviet relations had been strained since the end of World War II, fears of war between the two nuclear superpowers peaked with the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis. It was developed and articulated by US president Harry Truman in 1947. This page was last edited on 13 February 2023, at 08:35. While SDS was being proposed, Lawrence Livermore National had introduced a new concept known as Brilliant Pebbles. According to the BMDO, the research on neutral particle beam accelerators, which was originally funded by the SDIO, could eventually be used to reduce the half-life of nuclear waste products using accelerator-driven transmutation technology.[67]. The Heritage Foundation provided High Frontier with space to conduct research, and Graham published a 1982 report entitled, "High Frontier: A New National Strategy" that examined in greater detail how the system would function.[40]. It indicates the ability to send an email. In the early part of the Cold War, the threat (perceived. Against such threats the Brilliant Pebbles would have limited performance, largely because the missiles fired for only a short period and the warheads did not rise high enough for them to be easily tracked by a satellite above them. "[43], In 1984, the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization (SDIO) was established to oversee the program, which was headed by Lt. General James Alan Abrahamson USAF, a past Director of the NASA Space Shuttle program.[1]. [52] At the urging of Senator David Pryor, the General Accounting Office investigated the claims and concluded that though steps were taken to make it easier for the interceptor to find its target (including some of those alleged by the New York Times), the available data indicated that the interceptor had been successfully guided by its onboard infrared sensors in the collision, and not by an onboard radar guidance system as alleged. Nuclear fallout can cause radiation sickness, cancers, birth deformities and death. The U-2 was an American spy plane used widely during the Cold War. This post is a comprehensive timeline of the Cold War, from the origins of the Russian-American conflict following World War Two to the final dissolution of the Soviet Union and the fall of the Berlin Wall at the end of the 20th century. This tour helped ease US-Chinese tensions and paved the way for Richard Nixons official visit to China in February 1972. USSR (in Russian, CCCP) Date accessed: March 04, 2023 Warsaw Pact The projectiles experience acceleration force in excess of 100,000g. To be effective, the fired projectile must first survive the mechanical stress of firing and the thermal effects of a trip through the atmosphere at many times the speed of sound before its subsequent impact with the target. The project was conceived in November 1986 by Lowell Wood at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Another destabilizing scenario was countries being tempted to strike first before SDI was deployed, thereby avoiding a disadvantaged nuclear posture. Revisionist historians argue that the United States and its expansionist foreign policy were chiefly responsible for the Cold War. SDI was controversial in some sectors, and was criticized for threatening to destabilize the MAD-approach potentially rendering the Soviet nuclear arsenal useless and to possibly re-ignite "an offensive arms race". Star Wars (see Strategic Defence Initiative). Marxism Marxism is a political philosophy and theory of history, developed in the 1800s by Karl Marx. These overruns are baked into the system. The group met with Reagan several times during 1981 and 1982, apparently with little effect, while the buildup of new offensive weaponry like the B-1 Lancer and MX missile continued; however, in early 1983, the Joint Chiefs of Staff met with the president and outlined the reasons why they might consider shifting some of the funding from the offensive side to new defensive systems. nuclear deterrence These colonies became self-governing and many were subjected to Cold War pressures and influences. HOLY COW! Strategic Air Command (SAC) was a branch of the US Air Force during the Cold War. But we could not risk exposure of the administration's role and take the chance of another McCarthy period. Although the fourth test was described as a success, the New York Times in August 1993 reported that the HOE4 test was rigged to increase the likelihood of a successful hit. The nuclear football is a briefcase carried by a military attache to the US president. Teller argued that DEWs could potentially defend against a nuclear attack, characterizing them as the third generation of nuclear weapons after fission and thermonuclear weapons, respectively (Rhodes 179). It overlooked an area of flat land that was considered a likely invasion route for Warsaw Pact tanks. On June 28, 1985, David Lorge Parnas resigned from SDIO's Panel on Computing in Support of Battle Management, arguing in eight short papers that the software required by the Strategic Defense Initiative could never be made to be trustworthy and that such a system would inevitably be unreliable and constitute a menace to humanity in its own right. rezidentura LOVE, POVERTY, WAR AND Also by Christopher Hitchens BLOOD, CLASS AND EMPIRE: The Enduring Anglo-American Relationship A LONG SHORT WAR: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq WHY ORWELL MATTERS LEFT HOOKS, RIGHT CROSSES: A Decade of Political Writing (edited with Christopher Caldwell) LETTERS TO A YOUNG CONTRARIAN THE TRIAL OF HENRY KISSINGER BLAMING THE VICTIMS: Spurious Scholarship and the . The Truman Doctrine refers to the United States foreign policy with regard to communism. The Space Race refers to American and Soviet competition in rocket technology and space exploration, from the 1950s to around 1975. During the Cold War, enemy agents, posing as U.S. Navy crew, sabotage a nuclear submarine and steal its anti-ballistic missile guidance system. Orthodox historians argue that the Cold War was started by Joseph Stalins violation of post-war agreements and the expansionist nature of Soviet communism. The U.S.-Soviet Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty, known as START I, was signed 31 July 1991 by U.S. President George H.W. Prime Minister Scott Morrison yesterday announced that his government would begin a $1 billion program to build missiles in Australia, for the first time since the 1960s, in close collaboration. Gorbachev limited Soviet imperialism and sought better relations with the United States. missile gap Strategic Defence Initiative (or SDI, Star Wars program) This was part of Canada's role during the Cold War to defend North America against an attack from the Soviet Union. NORAD (or North American Aerospace Defence Command) Hover testing was completed in 1988 and demonstrated integration of the sensor and propulsion systems in the prototype SBI. [54], Developed by Lockheed as part of the ground-based interceptor portion of SDI, the Exoatmospheric Reentry-vehicle Interceptor Subsystem (ERIS) began in 1985, with at least two tests occurring in the early 1990s. Republikflucht is German for flight from the Republic. It was dubbed the Military Marshall Plan. [91], In 2014, a declassified CIA paper states that "In response to SDI, Moscow threatened a variety of military countermeasures in lieu of developing a parallel missile defense system". While it's nice to hear that they're extremely worried about it, what are they willing to do to combat it. A 1985 Gallup poll reported that 61% of respondents replied affirmatively to the question, Would you like to see the United States go ahead with the development of (SDI), or not?. [19] The program is currently managed by the Space Development Agency (SDA) as part of the new National Defense Space Architecture (NDSA) envisioned by Michael D. This boost phase intercept rendered MIRV impotent; a successful attack would destroy all of the warheads. ping pong diplomacy During the Putin era, little of that has happened. SAC also monitored warning systems that watched for incoming attacks. [20] Early development contracts were awarded to L3Harris and SpaceX. In a speech to the Federal Assembly in March 2018, Russian President Vladimir Putin criticized the United States decision to withdraw from ABM and asserted the ability of Russian nuclear forces to penetrate any potential anti-ballistic missile system. "There is good evidence that in the late 1960s the Soviets were giving serious thought to both explosive and nonexplosive nuclear power sources for lasers of an unknown type. MI5 is short for Military Intelligence Section 5, the main British intelligence and espionage agency during the Cold War. Shultzs assessment proved to be correct. It has been written and compiled by Alpha History authors. Each firing of the railgun produces tremendous current flow (almost half a million amperes) through the rails, causing rapid erosion of the rail's surfaces (through ohmic heating), and even vaporization of the rail surface. In the bleak days of the Cold War, espionage veteran George Smiley is forced out of semi-retirement to uncover a Soviet . [73][74] It was designed to operate in conjunction with the Brilliant Eyes sensor system. Railguns face a host of technical challenges before they will be ready for battlefield deployment. The first Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START I) was signed by Mikhail Gorbachev and George Bush in Moscow in July 1991. A conductive pellet (the projectile) is attracted down the rails by electric current flowing through a rail. Edward Teller, for example, was an early proponent of the satellite X-ray laser, although it was ultimately ineffective. The mujahideen were Islamic resistance fighters who fought against the Soviet occupation in Afghanistan, with American funding and support. On March 23, 1983, President Reagan announced the SDI program in a television address broadcast nationally. Stacked with hardliners and anti-communists, Team Bs report greatly exaggerated Soviet weapons stockpiles and falsely claimed that Moscow was willing to initiate war with the US. but CIA personnel involved in the Stinger program still see it as a . National Security Council (or NSC) Signed on May 14, 1955, the Warsaw Pact established the Warsaw Treaty Organization, a mutual defense alliance that was originally composed of the Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland, and Romania. The Reagan Files: Recently Released Documents Related to SDI. As Secretary of State Schultz explained, Prior to the presidents speech, even the possibility that the United States might seriously seek to defend itself from nuclear attack seemed outlandish. Sovietisation What we were most afraid of? [90] Soviet motivations behind attempting to launch components of the Skif laser in the form of Polyus were, according to interviews conducted years later, more for propaganda purposes in the prevailing climate of focus on US SDI, than as an effective defense technology, as the phrase "Space based laser" has a certain political capital. Strategic Defense System, or SDS, was largely the Smart Rocks concept with an added layer of ground-based missiles in the US. The SDI railgun investigation, called the Compact High Energy Capacitor Module Advanced Technology Experiment, had been able to fire two projectiles per day during the initiative. They said that a defensive system was costly and difficult to build yet simple to destroy, and claimed that the Soviets could easily use thousands of decoys to overwhelm it during a nuclear attack. Madman theory More recently, new developments under Project Excalibur by Teller's "O-Group" at LLNL suggested that a single X-ray laser could shoot down dozens of missiles with a single shot. I call upon the scientific community in our country, those who gave us nuclear weapons, to turn their great talents now to the cause of mankind and world peace, to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete.. Additional assistance came from U.S. Russian War Relief (a private, nonprofit organization) and the Red Cross. Space Race Like other parts of SDI, the sensor system initially was very large-scale, but after the Soviet threat diminished it was cut back. The CIM-10B Bomarc was the world's first long-range, nuclear capable, ground-to-air anti-aircraft missile. McCarran Act [83] Washington, D.C., April 8, 2021 - The United States and its European allies disagreed over the advisability of using nuclear weapons to signal resolve and deter war if a serious crisis with Moscow over West Berlin broke out, according to a review of declassified records posted today by the nongovernmental National Security Archive. The high point of Soviet anti-ballistic missile efforts came on May 15, 1987, when they launched an Energia rocket from the Baikonur Cosmodrome launch site in southern Kazakhstan. The technology was also used to develop the Tactical High Energy Laser, (THEL) which is being tested to shoot down artillery shells.[64]. This cost-exchange ratio was so favorable that it appeared the only thing building a defense would do would be to cause an arms race. Contains words and terms from M to Z. U.S. History American History: The Cold War September 21, 2011 President John Kennedy, right, meeting with Soviet Ambassador Andrei Gromyko, second from right, and other Soviet officials in. If they're like probably 90% of the population, they don't intend to make any big lifestyle changes or sacrifices to combat whatever climate change is occurring, and that's if it actually is occurring. During World War 2 the United Kingdom, France and the United States aligned another in order to defeat Nazi Germany. The Morgenthau Plan was an American plan for managing post-war Germany, devised in 1944. In addition to the ideas presented by the original Heritage group, a number of other concepts were also considered. Why cant we just lean on the Soviets until they go broke? quipped Reagan (Lazzari 23). It was designed to shoot down SDI in space. START (or Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) Early on Tuesday 16 October 1962, John F Kennedy's national security assistant, McGeorge Bundy, brought to the President's bedroom some high-altitude photographs taken from U-2 planes flying over. These negotiations culminated in the Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty (INF), which went into effect in 1988, and laid the groundwork for the Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) in the 1990s. The announcement by Russian President Vladimir Putin that Russia would suspend its participation in the New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) brings an unwelcome degree of clarity to a situation the United States almost certainly would have to face three years from now. In theory, an advanced opponent could have targeted those, in turn requiring self-defense capability or increased numbers to compensate for attrition. It contains launch codes and other information needed if a nuclear strike or retaliation is needed. Given concerns about the previous programs using nuclear-tipped interceptors, in the 1980s the US Army began studies about the feasibility of hit-to-kill vehicles, i.e. Science Advisor George Keyworth argued, I have been asked time and time again one simple question, is it now a good time to attempt a development of a technological solution to making ballistic missiles obsolete? During the 20th century, Western imperial powers like Britain and France withdrew from colonies in Africa, Asia and elsewhere. The Ubiquity - The student news site of Quartz Hill High School It did not take into account limited launches, accidental launches, rogue launches, or launches by non-state entities or covert proxies. The Announcement On March 23, 1983, President Reagan announced the SDI program in a television address broadcast nationally. The model was actually destroyed by the heat from the laser. [42], On March 23, 1983, Reagan announced SDI in a nationally televised speech, stating "I call upon the scientific community in this country, those who gave us nuclear weapons, to turn their great talents to the cause of mankind and world peace, to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete. Red Scare Contents 1 Background 2 Soviet nuclear program 3 Long-range nuclear missiles 4 The nuclear arms race 5 Soviet size over quantity 6 Other nuclear-equipped states 7 Nuclear policy 8 Nuclear paranoia Background The Red Scares were two periods of anti-communist hysteria in the United States. Even if a nuclear first strike destroyed many of the opponent's weapons, sufficient nuclear missiles would survive to render a devastating counter-strike against the attacker. The Strategic Defense Initiative became a key negotiating point in a series of meetings between Reagan and Gorbachev: the Geneva Summit (1985), the Reykjavik Summit (1986), the Washington Summit (1987), and the Moscow Summit (1988). A sophisticated attacker having the technology to use decoys, shielding, maneuvering warheads, defense suppression, or other countermeasures would have multiplied the difficulty and cost of intercepting the real warheads. SDI design and operational planning had to factor in these countermeasures and the associated cost. START I was the first treaty to provide for deep reductions of U.S. and Soviet/Russian strategic nuclear weapons. What if free people could live secure in the knowledge that their security did not rest upon the threat of instant U.S. retaliation to deter a Soviet attack, that we could intercept and destroy strategic ballistic missiles before they reached our own soil or that of our allies? he said. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty requires "Each of the Parties to the Treaty undertakes to pursue negotiations in good faith on effective measures relating to cessation of the nuclear arms race at an early date and to nuclear disarmament, and on a treaty on general and complete disarmament under strict and effective international control." The announcement of SDI shocked officials around the globe. It would cost much less for the US to build another Excalibur than the Soviets would need to build enough new ICBMs to counter it. The concept of a military-industrial complex was mentioned by US president Dwight Eisenhower in his farewell speech in 1961. New York, NY: Alfred A. Knopf, 2007. According to George Shultz, the Secretary of State during Reagans presidency, the meeting with Teller was the first gleam in Ronald Reagans eye of what later became the Strategic Defense Initiative (Shultz 261). THE SECOND Cold War is a rematch among the same teams that opposed each other for most of the First Cold War. Along with reduced Cold War tensions, Gorbachev was aware that the U.S. Congress was cutting SDIs budget and had been assured by physicist Andrei Sakharov that the missile defense technology was far from complete. Singing Revolution McCarthyism describes a period of intense anti-communism in the United States during the early 1950s. The program's high costs and shortcomings spurred criticism of the . [47] The GPALS system also was able to protect the United States from attacks coming from all different parts of the world.[47]. The Ballistic Missile Defense Organization was renamed again by the George W. Bush administration as the Missile Defense Agency and focused onto limited National Missile Defense.
Carthage, Tx Head Football Coach, Bookers One Stop Maynardville, Tn Menu, Wright State Basketball Coach, Articles A