What a Wagging Tail Really Means

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Dear Bark: I was bitten by a friend’s dog, which shocked us all because the dog was wagging her tail. What’s up with a friendly dog who bites?

This is a great question, and one that I hear frequently in one form or another from clients. Just like you, many people have been bitten by a dog they thought was friendly because the dog was wagging her tail. This common misconception—that a tail wag is a sure sign of friendliness—creates risky situations in which people believe they are safe when they actually might not be.

The confusion arises because, while friendly dogs do tend to wag their tails, they are not the only ones doing the wagging. Lots of dogs wag their tails when their intentions are anything but friendly. Tail wags are far more complicated than you might think.

So, what does a tail wag mean? The most accurate interpretation is that the dog is willing to interact. The thing is, “interact” is a very broad term. Friendly dogs who want to interact by greeting, playing or snuggling wag their tails, but so do dogs who want to interact by fighting, biting and threatening. The simple observation that a dog is wagging her tail does not give you enough information to determine what kind of interaction the dog has in mind.

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Fear not, though. Observing details of the tail-wagging behavior allows you to make a much better prediction about what’s behind it (no pun intended). To determine if that tail wag is a friendly one, pay attention to how much of the tail, and the body, are involved in the wag; how fast and how far the tail is wagging; and how much tension is in the tail.

Generally, the more the wag encompasses the whole body, the friendlier the dog’s intentions. The full body wag that extends from the shoulders through the belly to the hips and the tail is the classic friendly tail wag. An active tail wag that gets the hips swinging is also a likely sign of high sociability. (Bonus—these wags can even be recognized in dogs who have no tails to speak of!) When just the tail moves, the wag may or may not have anything to do with being sociable. When only the tip of the tail moves, the dog is most likely not friendly.

Speed is another way that dogs give us information about what the wag means. Fast wags that move through a big arc are associated with friendliness, while a slow wag that doesn’t move the tail much is a sign of an absence of friendliness. Sometimes, dogs who are a little nervous, or perhaps reserved, wag slowly, which simply shows some hesitancy about interacting. In other cases, a slow tail wag can signify aggressive tendencies.

Tension is another revealing attribute. A stiff tail wag is not a good sign. The more relaxed a tail is while it is wagging, the more likely it is that the dog wagging it is friendly. A flexible, fluid motion in the tail suggests friendliness, a rigid tail does not.

Sometimes a dog wags her tail in a rotating motion that starts from the base, with the tip of the tail tracing a broad circle. Known as a “circle wag,” it is one of the positive signals that experienced dog handlers attend to when evaluating dogs because it is so strongly associated with dogs who are in a friendly mood. Also called the “propeller wag” or “helicopter tail,” this tail motion is particularly common in dogs who are greeting a close friend, especially after a long absence.

To sum up, the friendliest type of tail wag is the full-body wag with a rapidly moving, flexible tail swinging widely from side to side. In contrast, the least friendly tail wag, and the one of most concern in terms of potential aggression, is the slow twitch of only the tip on an otherwise unmoving, rigid tail attached to an equally stiff body. This unfriendly tail wag is frequently displayed prior to a bite like the one you received.

A wagging tail indicates an interest in interacting, but the details of the wag reveal its meaning. Pay careful attention to the specifics of a tail wag to discern its significance. Friendly dogs want to interact, and their tail wags show that. However, there are unfriendly ways of interacting, including biting, and dogs with those intentions also wag their tails.

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